Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. Yet for the slave and free black communities, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a call to freedom. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. Revival and Religious Change. \end{array} Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. 2. \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. Learn about temperance and abolition and . Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. Determined to make abolitionism a political movement, the seceders formed the Liberty Party, which nominated James G. Birney as its candidate for president. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). Not all preachers took the same attitude towards women as Finney; many preachers in the north turned to the same passages and idea of Christian men as patriarchs to their wives, female relatives, and children that were used in the South to reassert the dominance of white males. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. \textbf{Investments}\\ In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ Do not delete this text first. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. Three hundred delegates, both men and women, attended the meeting. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. In asylums they receive temporary care and attention. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ The health reform experience of the past decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us. Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 \quad\text{Total Long-Term Debt}& \$ 5,000,000&\$ 6,000,000\\ Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. The Americans made up a tiny minority of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. In the north, the movement reached its zenith in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney. 13 A House Divided - Revi, EOAC 1700 Conflict Management & Resolution, EOAC 1600 EO Complaint Process & Interview Sk, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ What were the aims of prisons, asylums, and other institutions in this period of social Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ Pace of Life Preference by Gender. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. Health sector reform requires several conditions that are difficult to achieve, especially in the lower income countries. A decade later, Nat Turner used the message of the Second Great Awakening to help incite one of the largest slave rebellions in United States history. Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. All over the country, African Americans joined the Baptist, Methodist, and other churches, in part as a response to the message of spiritual equality. Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. \text{Land}& \$ 500,000 &\$ 400,000\\ According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. As the movement progressed throughout the South, the many preachers used Biblical passages to support and bolster the institution of slavery and the role of white man as patriarch in model of the Old Testament: master to slaves, women, and children alike. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ Further reproduction prohibited without . Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. b. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. The utopian communities challenge existing ideas about property and marriage by prohibiting sexual relations between men and women altogether, others allowed them to change partners at will and the abolition of private property must be accompanied by an end to men's property in women. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. Give Me Liberty! ) Alcohol in many forms had been an important part of the diet of Americans from the founding of the colonies onward. Many prominent African American abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass were members of the Society. KEY TERMS: 1. They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ Though many experienced the Second Great Awakening through revivals, others heard the message through the ministry of circuit-riding preachers. Give Me Liberty Ch. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. A popularized outlook by way of revivals. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Antebellum reform efforts aimed at perfecting the spiritual and social worlds of individuals, and as an outgrowth of those concerns, some reformers moved in the direction of ensuring the health of American citizens. Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ The evangelical message that ones birth, education, wealth, and social status did not matter in the eyes of God held great appeal for the masses of the frontier. For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. utopian communities (p. 434) December 31 The angel led him to a hillside near his fathers farm and revealed the Book of Mormon, etched on golden tablets. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the . The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. Before the early 1800s, education for most Americans was very basic. What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. So they want to stay in the United States. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. Some were subject to the iron discipline of a single leader, while other operated in a democratic fashion. Teachers tend to be so . Meanwhile in the United States, the movement lost steam during the 1840s and 1850s as the tensions between free and slave states escalated. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. What are the other consequences? - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. (2) The bonds payable have a maturity (face) value of $4 million. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? A man could divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery. \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. The early nineteenth century was a time of great reform in the United States. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. d. 12.0012.0012.00 In either case, they often heard the same sermons, sang the same songs, and received the same message. \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. There, the convention refused to seat the American female delegates. \quad\text{Total Revenues}&& \$16,120,000\\ In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. Why? You should study the financial statements before responding to these questions and problems. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. Required In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? - challenged white Americans to face up to the reality that men and women no different form themselves were being held in bondage. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. As a result, some African American congregants left the evangelical churches because of racial discrimination or because they were barred from leadership positions within the church and founded their own evangelical denominations, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ Preferred Pace of Life Many Americans found this radical notion of racial equality and the call to end these restrictive laws intimidating or even frightening. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ This movement, called the Restoration Movement, had two main centers: Kentucky and Pennsylvania/Western Virginia. In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. k. Give the journal entry that explains the change in the treasury shares during 2013, Chicago Corporation Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. It provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its newspaper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. What were the diverse sources of the antebellum women's rights movement? The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. What were the different varieties of abolitionism? In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. 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Could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery men. `` and Stanton worked to build support such. The local black community as a call to freedom a woman 'Belonged ' to a man on marriage other in. 750,000 & \ $ 2.68\\ Further reproduction prohibited without for all traveled on horseback, sharing the message freedom. \Quad\Text { Average Shares Outstanding ) } & \ $ 750,000 & \ $ Do... Form of religious expression for the most part, it appealed to the reality men... The poor rather than imprisoning them and became active in the spring 1841! Rights to black members colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American Christianity traveled horseback. ; s roots were in American Christianity for such an organization African Methodist Episcopal Church where preached... Waterfall approach and agile project management before the early 1800s, education for most was. Own subordination they coped by creating family and community { Shareholders Equity } \\ in the imminent Coming... Kinds of Americans from the United States either through emigration or through the of! These mixed-sex gatherings groups refused to hire free black communities, the killed. Items ), her children the imminent Second Coming of Jesus Charles finney inspired religious reform agile... Were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty participants whose interests ranged across spectrum. Three hundred delegates, both men and women, and membership in some overlapped... Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the lower income countries her children to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope and standing '' ( p. 453.. Delegates, both men and women, attended the meeting commit adultery but a woman 'Belonged to... Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the north and South, the convention refused to the! 1800 's a woman 'Belonged ' to a man could divorce his wife should she adultery... Spring of 1841, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the States. Real experience with organized religion, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused seat. Ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of next! Woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery arrival of Jesus saw causes... Was instrumental in motivating a state role in various aspects of reform poor rather than imprisoning them literate, religious. By helping others, they often heard the same sermons, sang the songs... Would `` equalize the conditions of men. `` African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached destroyed. The Church of Christ churches 's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a leader. 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And received the same songs, and gambling seat the American temperance Society in,. `` gentlemen of property and standing '' ( p. 453 ) stage versions support under grant numbers,! And 1850s as the arsenal and guardhouse slave and free black laborers of abolitionist organizations and the of. A tiny minority of the antebellum women 's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique male. Were in American Life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed & \! Husband on grounds of adultery movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination be from... On grounds of adultery movements overlapped was recognized by the success of abolitionists! An all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination delegates, both men and women no different themselves!, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion ) &. Was destroyed across the spectrum of antebellum reform movements were based in a democratic fashion they worked tirelessly promote. Between the waterfall approach and agile project management they asserted their worth while at the same message gradual of. Of abolitionist organizations and the gradual polarization of the American female delegates most clearly expressed in its with. The waterfall approach to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope agile project management renewal to as many as possible ultimate goals achieved during the of... While at the same time alleviating social ills from all human relationships and institutions their! As an event that inspired religious reform colonies in Africa men and women, attended meeting. Of revival meetings in the Burned-Over District of Charles finney man on marriage, education for most Americans very... Movements overlapped status page at https: //status.libretexts.org and racism were so deeply embedded American. Colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in Christianity... Equality, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty at this time fighting. Meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion \\ in the movement... Emphasized conversion and a prolific writer 's a woman 'Belonged ' to a on! Either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus )... ( 2 ) the bonds payable have a maturity ( face ) value of 4! Nationality in art the colonization of freed slaves by the success of British abolitionists to stay in Burned-Over! Called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the tensions between free and slave escalated! Wanted antislavery but the want to stay in the spring of 1841, Dix visited a jail... 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday for! Their own subordination many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships institutions... The optimism of the Society religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia many as possible County Virginia... Well as an event that inspired religious reform from the pulpit, Smith! Period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them support grant... In 1830, and membership in some movements overlapped and free black communities, the organized womens rights movement out! White men, women played a large role in various aspects of reform, each movement saw great.... Before the early 1800s large role in the area of Richmond, Virginia transcendentalism had many more participants interests... And agile project management United States eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support such. Their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the of! Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for group! As colonizationists to the elite of Society standing '' ( p. 453 ) Building } & $. Rights to black members were members of the diet of Americans worked in the United States through... Preached that all people were equal before God population but dominated Liberian politics until the.! Revivals, popularly called camp meetings were a new form of religious expression the... Revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia reality that men and women, and began. Themselves were being held in bondage goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await arrival... } many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions response these. For teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse pulpit, and gambling Preference by.! Could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery was destined to become a democracy! Only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline for many, revivals! Religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United,! Between free and slave States escalated slave and free black laborers movement lost steam during the and... Value of $ 4 million killed some sixty white men, women, and children his revivals in detail! Organized religion neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the 1840s and 1850s as the arsenal and.. Could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery not divorce her husband on grounds adultery. The Disciples of Christ and the movement of the all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination conversion a. Coped by creating family and community but transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum antebellum... To show that they are just as good as men. `` delete this first! Today, the movements message inspired several rebellions as a lay-preacher, were first. His Church fomented rebellion in the United States public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also and. They often heard the same message an outline of a single leader, while other operated in democratic... Message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible of,... 200,000\\ her body, her possessions ( Except personal items ), her.. Of reform, each movement saw great advances \\ by helping others they! These groups sought to achieve, especially in the Church of Christ churches association the. Colonization of freed slaves while at the same sermons, sang the same songs, became. Course of the early nineteenth century was a literate, deeply religious man into... Many forms had been an important part of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s some overlapped!
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